University of Al-Qarawiyyin: The World’s Oldest University

If you look up the record book for the oldest learning institutions in the world, you probably would go into it thinking about Oxford or Harvard.

But regardless of what it seems, the oldest university in the world is situated at the heart of Fes, Morocco, and it was founded by a Muslim woman. Welcome to the University of Al-Qarawiyyin, the oldest to date and still operational higher learning center in the world.

The Founding of the University of Al-Qarawiyyin

The University of Al-Qarawiyyin, also known as Al-Karaouine, was founded in 859 AD by Fatima al-Fihri, a Tunisian woman. She used her inheritance to establish the Al-Qarawiyyin mosque and its associated school, which grew into one of the most prestigious educational institutions in the world.

Fatima al-Fihri’s Vision

Originating from the city of Kairouan, Tunisia, Fatima al-Fihri moved to Morocco with her family in the early 9th century. After the passing of her businessman father, Fatima al-Fihri and her sister acquired the family’s wealth. Fatima used her share to establish the Al-Karaouine mosque, named after the origin city of her birth, Kairouan.

The mosque complex included a spacious courtyard, a library, and an associated madrasa (school). The foundation was a reflection of Fatima al-Fihri’s vision and commitment to providing educational opportunities where scholars could gather to discuss not only theology but also various fields of science and literature.

From Mosque to Learning Center

What started as a mosque and school, gradually became a vibrant hub for intellectual exchanges, which transformed the complex into a full-fledged educational institution. Its reputation as a center of Islamic learning only grew and attracted more scholars with the introduction of subjects like mathematics, law, astronomy, and medicine.

By the early 12th century, Fatima al-Fihri’s dream had come true, establishing Al-Qarawiyyin as a major educational institute in the world. The facilities expanded along with the reputation, solidifying its status as a global learning center–a legacy that continues today as the modern University of Al-Qarawiyyin.

The Role of Al-Qarawiyyin in the Islamic Golden Age

Between the 8th and 13th centuries, known as the Islamic Golden Age, Al-Qarawiyyin University played a major role in shaping the educational landscape in the Muslim world.

• Contributions to Islamic Scholarship: Al-Qarawiyyin was instrumental in fostering intellectual growth in the Islamic Golden Age, progressing in the fields of Islamic thought, theology, and jurisprudence (fiqh).
• Impact on Education: The university’s impact on various fields was significant as it made groundbreaking advancements in Islamic law, philosophy, medicine, and more.
• Influence Beyond Borders: The influence of Al-Qarawiyyin wasn’t confined to Morocco, as it attracted students and scholars from far and wide to study under the guidance of renowned teachers. Its scholars spread across various parts of the world, such as Europe, and spread knowledge that eventually laid the foundation for the European Renaissance (14th to 17th century).

Evolution into a Modern University

While the roots of Al-Qarawiyyin lie in the medieval Islamic world, it has evolved into a modern institution, maintaining its deep connection to Islamic traditions.

From Madrasa to University

What started out as an associated madrasa alongside the mosque became a beacon of education, evolving into a full-fledged university with an expanded curriculum to include a wide range of subjects.

• Modern Recognition: In 1963, the Moroccan government issued the formal university status for the Al-Qarawiyyin, allowing it to award recognized degrees in the modern era.
• Curriculum Expansion: Along with Islamic Studies and the Arabic Language, the university introduced new faculties and programs that offer courses in modern subjects.

Key Milestones in Al-Qarawiyyin’s History

Throughout its existence of over 1100 years, the University of Al-Qarawiyyin has gone through multiple reforms and expansions. Here’s a brief view of the key milestones after the university’s founding in 859 AD.

1. Expansion under the Almoravid Dynasty (11th century): The university and its curriculum were significantly expanded under the Almoravid Dynasty, adding new buildings and subjects.
2. Golden Age under the Marinid Dynasty (13th-14th centuries): Considered by many as the peak of Al-Qarawiyyin, the Marinid rulers invested heavily in making the best curriculum to attract the best scholars, as well as created multiple madrasas, libraries, and mosques surrounding the university.
3. Decline and Revival (16th-19th centuries): Al-Qarawiyyin faced a general decline in its teaching and curriculum in the late 15th century that stretched over to the 19th century. The number of key subjects, staff, and teachers was reduced during the period despite efforts for revival.
4. Modernization and Expansion (20th century): In the 20th century, Al-Qarawiyyin underwent significant modernization to include contemporary subjects and adapt to modern teaching methods. It also expanded its educational facilities to accommodate more students.
5. Integration with Morocco’s Education System (1963): The government of Morocco granted formal university status to Al-Qarawiyyin and fully integrated it into the national education system.
6. Continued Growth and Development (21st century): Today, Al-Qarawiyyin University is seeing continuous development, offering a wide range of academic programs for students around the world.

Architecture of the University of Al-Qarawiyyin: Exterior Design

The University of Al-Qarawiyyin is a symbol of Moroccan-Andalusian architecture, featuring strikingly beautiful walls, wooden doors, stucco designs, and so on. 

Architectural Style

The exterior architecture of the Al-Qarawiyyin reflects traditional Moroccan and Andalusian design elements. The geometric patterns, calligraphy, and intricate tilework enhance the entrance and courtyard. Some of the symbolic features include:

• Horseshoe Arches: A defining architectural feature, these iconic arches are rounded with slightly extended curves and can be seen in mosques, doorways, windows, and hallways throughout the university.
• Zellij Tilework: Walls and floors are decorated with zellij tilework, a traditional Moroccan tile design that features complex geometric patterns.
• Stucco: The stucco works showcase Arabic calligraphy and floral designs, a signature of Islamic architecture.

The Courtyard and Minaret

The ancient courtyard (sahn) of Al-Qarawiyyin serves as a focal point for the architectural layout of the university. The redesigned central courtyard is lined with fountains, promoting a tranquil environment for study.

The iconic green-tiled minaret is another highlight of the university’s architecture. It’s visible from many points in Fes, symbolizing its role as both a place of worship and learning.

Gates and Entrances

There are several entrances to the university, some more historically significant and architecturally rich than others. Such as the Bab al-Ward, famous for its bronze doors and intricate wood carvings, and Bab al-Gna’iz, showcasing a combination of Islamic calligraphy and delicate designs.

Interior Design of the University of Al-Qarawiyyin

Just like the exterior, the interior design of the University of Al-Qarawiyyin represents traditional Moroccan artistry, reflecting its historical and religious significance.

The Hypostyle Prayer Hall

The prayer hall is one of the first structures and most significant symbols of Al-Qarawiyyin. The hypostyle format of the layout includes rows of arches supported by marble columns, along with cedar wood ceilings with beautiful carvings.

The mihrab of the prayer hall indicates the direction of Makkah, and it’s decorated with elegant stucco work showing off calligraphy and floral designs.

Decorative Features

Throughout the university’s interior, the feat of Moroccan craftsmanship is present in unique decorative features. Take the zellij tiles, for example, a traditional geometric design with complex patterns. Or calligraphy, the exquisite Arabic art of beautiful handwriting that can be found on walls and ceilings of the university interior.

Academic Staff at the University of Al-Qarawiyyin

The academic staff of Al-Qarawiyyin comprises some of the most renowned scholars in their respective fields. Due to its long tradition of attracting intellectuals from around the world, the university has built a diverse and qualified faculty over time.

Highly Qualified Faculty

As of now, the university features expert scholars whose knowledge and expertise combine centuries of Islamic education and more contemporary subjects to ensure a well-rounded academic environment.

• Diverse Faculty: The academic staff includes professors, lecturers, and scholars from diverse backgrounds, each on top of their domain.
• Specialists in Islamic Education: While covering modern academics, the heart of Al-Qarawiyyin’s faculty remains specialized in Islamic jurisprudence, theology, and Quranic studies.
• Modern Subject Experts: Alongside traditional Islamic subjects, the faculty includes experts in modern disciplines such as social science, literature, language studies, and more.

Teaching Methodology

The teaching methodology at the University of Al-Qarawiyyin boasts a blend of Islamic educational techniques and modern practices.

• Traditional Islamic Education: Classic teaching methods include halaqa, where students sit around a teacher in a circle for learning. Students are also encouraged in debates and discussions to foster deep understanding and critical thinking regarding the Quran, fiqh, and more.
• Modern Techniques: Embraced in recent years, modern teaching methods in Al-Qarawiyyin include lectures, digital resources, and research projects.

Colleges under the University of Al-Qarawiyyin

Over the years, Al-Qarawiyyin has established a number of colleges inside and outside Fes dedicated to different areas of study and philosophy.

• Kuliyat al-Shari’a (Fes): Focuses on Islamic law and jurisprudence, known in Arabic as Fiqh, which is a core study in the university’s curriculum.
• Kuliyat Usul al-Din (Tetouan): Specializes in the study of theology and religious fundamentals.
• Kuliyat al-Lugha al-Arabiya (Marrakech): Offers comprehensive programs in the Arabic language and literature.
• Kuliyat al-Shari’a (Ait Melloul, Agadir): Established in 1979, this facility focuses on Islamic law and works as an extension of the university in Southern Morocco.

Faculties and Programs at the University of Al-Qarawiyyin

The University of Al-Qarawiyyin has historically focused on religious studies, but with its expansion, it has included a number of contemporary subjects to adapt and maintain its standard.

Faculties Overview

Covering a wide range of faculties and programs, the university includes subjects such as:

• Islamic Theology: Covers Quranic studies, Hadith, Fiqh (Islamic law) focusing on Maliki Sharia, and other related principles.
• Arabic Language and Literature: Insights into classical and modern Arabic linguistics, poetry, and prose.
• Mathematics: A centuries-old subject at Al-Qarawiyyin, contributing to the Islamic Golden Age’s advancements in geometry, algebra, and more.
• Astronomy: Covers early astronomical studies and celestial navigation.
• Medicine: A traditional subject introduced to the curriculum during its historical evolution.

Curriculum Structure

The curriculum of Al-Qarawiyyin is a balance of traditional Islamic studies, modern science, and contemporary subjects. These courses comprise Islamic sciences and programs with bachelor’s and master’s degrees.

• Islamic Subjects: The core curriculum revolves around Quranic studies, Hadith, and Islamic Law.
• Modern Curricula: Subjects include Business, Computer Science, Economics, Liberal Arts & Social Sciences, Psychology, Mathematics, and so on.

Education Expenses at the University of Al-Qarawiyyin

The University of Al-Qarawiyyin is known to offer an accessible education, especially for those pursuing religious and Islamic studies. The tuition fees vary depending on the program, but they’re affordable and provide financial support in many cases.

Tuition Fees

While academic expenses vary from subject to subject, programs in Islamic study or theology cost less than general subjects.

Degree	Cost (MAD)	Cost (USD)	Notes
Bachelors	10000-15000	1000-1500	Varies depending on the subject.
Masters	15000-20000	1500-2000	Varies by course.
Doctoral	12000-15000	1200-1500	–
Merit-based Scholarships	–	–	For local and international students with outstanding academic performance.
Financial Aid	–	–	Available for students from low-income families to support education costs.

Support for Students

• Waqf-Based Support: Historically and still today, the university relies on religious endowments to fund scholarships and accommodations for students in need.
• Subsidized Housing: Student accommodations are available at reduced rates in some cases.

Students at the University of Al-Qarawiyyin

It only makes sense that the oldest university in not only Morocco but the world, draws both local and international talents to its premises. Its rich legacy in Islamic and scholarly education has seen students increase every year, who benefit from both its historical significance and modern faculties.

Student Population

• Enrollment Numbers: While the exact number of students cannot be determined, as of 2024, Al-Qarawiyyin has around 8000 students.
• International Representation: The number of students is comprised of various regions around the Muslim world and beyond, showcasing the university’s global recognition.

Diversity of Student Body

• Geographic Diversity: The student body includes individuals from far and wide, especially North Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and Europe.
• Gender Diversity: While it was only male students in the past, now the ratio has significantly changed due to the increasing enrollment of female students.
• Special Provisions: The university offers special provisions for international students, such as language courses, cultural orientation programs, and more.

Admission Process and Student Life at Al-Qarawiyyin

Al-Qarawiyyin, being the oldest learning institute and one of the most prominent Islamic education centers, emphasizes its admission process revolving around proficiency in Arabic and Islamic studies.

Admission Requirements

• Proficiency in Arabic: Since Arabic is the primary language in the university, interested students are expected to demonstrate a proper grasp of the language.
• Memorization of the Quran: Quran memorization has been a part of Al-Qarawiyyin’s admission historically. While it’s changed and is not mandatory for all programs, it’s still considered as an advantage, especially for Islamic study programs.
• Academic Qualifications: The minimum academic requirement includes a high school diploma or equivalent degree.
• Scholarship Opportunities: The scholarship programs are offered to support local and international students in taking care of tuition fees, accommodations, and other expenses.

Student Experience

The student experience at Al-Qarawiyyin University is unique, consisting of a diverse student body, research opportunities, and cultural exchange in the magnificent Fes, the spiritual capital of Morocco.

The mix of students from North and West Africa, Central Asia, and Europe makes for a rich learning experience. Campus life promotes a strong sense of community with routine Islamic practices such as prayers, discussions, and debates.

On the other hand, the Al-Qarawiyyin Library, one of the primary buildings built by the founder Fatima al-Fihri, features rich historical texts and resources. Thus, students can engage in advanced research and collaborate on projects with scholars to create a healthy learning environment.

Credibility of the University of Al-Qarawiyyin

Throughout history, the University of Al-Qarawiyyin has stood as a symbol of educational excellence, recognized globally for its continuing impact on the development of Islamic studies, philosophy, science, and so on. The long list of respected alumni adds to the credibility of the university, further establishing its legacy.

Global Recognition

• Endorsements by UNESCO and Guinness World Records: Both UNESCO and Guinness World Records have issued the Al-Qarawiyyin University as the oldest continually operating learning center in the world.
• Leading Islamic Institution: Al-Qarawiyyin has been at the forefront of Islamic education, especially since the Islamic Golden Age. This cemented its position throughout history and till today as a top Islamic university in the world.

Notable Alumni and Impact

As a renowned university for over 1100 years, Al-Qarawiyyin has attracted some of the most talented minds from all over the world. Its students went on to make significant contributions to a wide range of disciplines, including Islamic scholarship, philosophy, and governance, as well as science, mathematics, and medicine, to name a few.

• Prominent Scholars: Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Maimonides, Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari, Ibn Tufayl, Al-Idrisi, and Leo Africanus.
• Influence on Islamic Scholarship and Governance: The alumni of Al-Qarawiyyin, both who studied or taught, have had a lasting impact on Islamic governance since the Islamic Golden Age, influencing fields like fiqh, philosophy, and theology.

Cultural and Intellectual Contributions

Al-Qarawiyyin and its alumni not only impacted the Islamic world but also contributed to modern advancements that built the foundation of progress in many areas, including during the European Renaissance period.

Philosophical Contributions

During the Islamic Golden Age, Al-Qarawiyyin was one of the key players in interpreting Greek philosophy into Arabic, enabling the preservation and transmission of knowledge over time. This would go on to influence European philosophy, creating a bridge between the East and West’s intellectual traditions.

Advancements in Science

This prominent university also made major contributions to key fields of science, such as astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Scholars of Al-Qarawiyyin traveled around the world, spreading knowledge and publishing remarkable findings that inspired the development of modern science.

A Tourist’s Guide to Visiting Al-Qarawiyyin University

The University of Al-Qarawiyyin is not only the oldest educational institution in the world but also a tourist’s heaven, especially for those interested in the history of Islamic education, its influence in the modern world, and Moroccan architecture in a bygone era.

If you’re visiting the Medina of Fes, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, your plan is most likely to include a visit to Al-Qarawiyyin. Here are a few things to keep in mind when visiting:

Dress Code

Since it is primarily a religious educational institute, respectful attire is required. Dress modestly, such as long pants and shirts with sleeves for men. For women, ensure you cover your head, arms, and legs properly. Traditional attire like a tunic with a headscarf is recommended.

Visitor Experience

Muslim visitors can explore the mosque, university, and the library of Al-Qarawiyyin. However, non-Muslims cannot enter these areas. But they can explore the beautifully designed central courtyard (sahn) and the surrounding area that showcases stunning Moroccan-Andalusian architecture.

You can also take guided tours to learn more about the historical background and architectural features of the premises.

Best Time to Visit

Spring and fall seasons are ideal for visiting. For a quieter experience, visit in the early morning or late afternoon.

Al-Qarawiyyin University: Inspiring Scholars for Centuries

Stepping through the gates of Al-Qarawiyyin is like walking into a history book that embodies the enduring legacy of human knowledge and faith. This ancient institution continues to inspire and educate generations, keeping alive its tradition of creating distinguished scholars who have shaped the world.

Frequently Asked Questions